General News
Building Social Blocks of Peace As Stop-Gaps For Domestic Terrorism
By Benneth Joshua Kingsley
There are two types of terrorism – International and Domestic terrorism. The American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sees International Terrorism as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (State-sponsored).
It also sees Domestic Terrorism as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.
Whilst both definitions have similarities, e.g as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups, their points of divergence lies where international terrorism is State sponsored or associated with foreign terrorist organizations, as against domestic terrorism which is home bred.
This literature shall build its intervention on the definitions advanced by the FBI, and shall focus on the causative agents of domestic terrorism – home bred violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.
It is hoped that this intervention would further the conversation on closing the gaps leading to domestic terrorism. It is necessary to point out that at the root of domestic terrorism are social factors that speak directly to individual members of the society. In order words, terrorism in both embryonic and active phases are conceptualized and carried out with the individual as the Critical Execution Vehicle (CEV).
There are risk factors which point to the potential for radicalization of individuals, thereby opening the window of opportunity for extremist personality/ies to impart on them. While some of these risk factors are static, meaning that they cannot change over time (e.g., having a criminal history), others can change and, thus, suggest possible avenues for prevention and intervention efforts.
The United States Department of Justice through a 2018 Journal published by its National Institute of Justice identified some relative risk factors as relevant in individuals’ particular cases. According to the US DOJ, efforts that focus on addressing terrorist beliefs, treating mental health issues, improving individuals’ employment or educational prospects, and/or helping them to develop and sustain positive relationships with non-extremist and non-delinquent peers may contribute to preventing or intervening in cases of domestic terrorism.
Whilst it is true that social realities in OECD countries differ in many ways than many obtainables in third world countries, especially in Nigeria, the journal’s intervention which pointed out factors such having a criminal history, having mental health issues (or having received a diagnosis of schizophrenia or delusional disorder), being unemployed, being single, being a loner (or socially isolated), and having military experience (in peculiar situations like those suffered by some Nigerian ex-service men, being unjustly discharged military or paramilitary services, or being owed their entitlements for long period of time) as possible triggers to individual’s joining terrorist adventures or acting as ‘Lone Sharks’, cannot be wished away.
Personal and political grievances, having an enabler who assists in planning an attack or provides the inspiration for it, having at least a bachelor’s degree, living alone, and being male were also identified as potential risk factors among self actors. These, like police brutality said to have triggered Boko Haram in the Northeast of Nigeria, the EndSars protest and its subsequent reported massacre in Lagos, and the Unknown Gunmen debacle, are social lacuna that results in grievances leading to domestic terrorism.
Unemployment also crystallizes in Lone Shark domestic terrorism, especially among youths with tertiary education training. It explains the spike in crime rate – kidnapping, armed robbery, ritual killings for fetish money making practices, increasing incidence of rape, political violence, among others, as witnessed in Nigeria.
What this means is that any productive intervention aimed at reconstructing terrorism narrative in Nigeria, and perhaps in Sub Saharan African countries has to look in the direction of focusing energy on treating mental health issues, improving individuals’ employment prospects, and/or helping them to develop and sustain positive relationships. Adesoji Adelaja and Justin George in their contribution to the discussion on domestic terrorism titled: “Perspectives on Terrorism” Volume 14, Issue 5, pointed out the dire youth unemployment situation in less-developed countries, noting that it has a correlation to insurgency.
They said that the dire youth unemployment situation in less-developed countries (LDCs) is particularly troubling; especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the continent faces the highest level (70 per cent) of youth working poverty rate globally. On average, of the 10 to 12 million youth entering the workforce, only 3.1 million jobs are created annually, leaving the vast majority unemployed; for example, in Nigeria and Ghana, respectively 43 and 48 per cent of youth aged 15–24 are unemployed or underemployed.
Both scholars acknowledged that youth unemployment may also fuel youth out-migration from Africa, dependencies and stresses on adults, unrealized growth opportunities, youth restiveness and greater potential for radicalization and conflict.
Flowing from this, many of the countries which are prone to political violence, especially terrorism, feature higher employment rates among the youth population than their adult population; for example, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which hosted around 40 per cent of the total incidence of terrorist attacks in the 2011–2015 period, experienced a youth unemployment rate of 30 per cent in 2019, double the global average.
Beehner (2007) contends that youth unemployment creates a large pool of disaffected youth who are more susceptible to recruitment into rebel or terrorist groups, as found in Northeast Nigeria. Stober (2015) submitted that the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria has created an army for the deadly Boko Haram, kidnapping, political thuggery and ethnic conflicts in the nation. Idrees, Shabbir, Roman, & Atif, (2015) in their contribution to the subject matter noted that unemployed youths due to their frustration and socio-economic difficulties and afflictions provide fertile ground for their recruitment into terrorism and others, especially Boko Haram in Nigeria.
The implication of this statement is that unemployment, with its nature, afflicts its victims psychologically to the extent that they are weighed down by pressures due to lack of necessities of life as their situation does not promote or provide welfare in any way. This therefore makes it easy for the unemployed youths to be radicalized. Adelaja, Labo, & Penar (2018) underscored that radicalization appeals to these unemployed youths who may consider such as the best option to their distress and frustrated situation.
Scholars like Suleiman and his associate identified armed robbery, political thuggery, kidnapping, Boko Haram, and other criminal acts among youths as the result of youth unemployment. Some of the youths who are unemployed due to frustration have turned themselves to suicide bombers, vandals, bandits, terrorists, kidnappers, militants, armed robbers, and lots more.
Besides unemployment, other social factors which open the window to terrorism include bad governance, lack of quality education or training, lack or inadequate basic infrastructures, corruption and corrupt practices of government officials, perceived victimization, ethnic superiority, religious superiority, domination and exploitation, materialism and the display of it with impunity, etc.
Taking the items one after another, bad governance doesn’t just undermine development; it also drives violence. In Nigeria, for example, experts say that the government helped to create terrorism through its lack of an inclusive growth strategy.
In essence, ineffective public institutions undermine the provision of public services such as health care, education and law enforcement. When public officials do not act as bureaucrats delivering services as they are expected to do, people look for alternative ways to obtain these services. And this increases disenchantment in the system.
Accordingly, Nigeria like many Sub-Saharan African countries is an epicenter of disenchantment caused by poor governance, with the state unable to spread the provision of public services to citizens. In most urban areas in the country, and in every rural area, citizens provide public utilities like water, electricity, security and others for themselves.
This in juxtaposition with glaring economic inequalities, oppression from the state and the privileged few, and gross abuse of human rights, coupled with the marginalization of minority populations provide the trigger for some to join violent or terrorist groups.
So, poor or bad governance tends to frustrate the institutionalization of both peace and security on the one hand, and on the other, creates a stunted, rentier, disarticulated, and grossly underdeveloped society where modern day terrorism thrives.
Considering that the use of military power has not been able to quell terrorism, some experts believe that education in cohort with other social factors is another major weapon that can be used in reducing to the barest minimum, the incidence where people are attracted to radicalization or terrorism.
A 2017 intervention by UNESCO reveals that educational strategies to support prevention efforts varies a great deal according to context – e.g. conflict situation, demographics, citizenship model, private/public education, with the common denominator of prevention efforts being to address the drivers of violent extremism and build learners’ resilience to hateful narratives and propaganda that legitimize the use of violence.
The fifth review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy 1 (30 June – 1 July 2016) provided the reemphasized, among other objectives, the importance of prevention efforts and welcomed the UN Secretary-General’s Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism (released in December 2015).
On this occasion the UN General Assembly recommended that countries consider the implementation of its relevant recommendations, as applicable to national contexts, with the support of the United Nations. In the Plan, the UN Secretary-General calls for a comprehensive approach to address the underlying conditions that drive individuals to join violent extremist groups.
Among its action priorities is the necessity to support “Education, skills development and employment facilitation” as a means to foster respect for human diversity and prepare young people to enter the workplace. The recommendation also addresses the need to invest in programmes that promote global citizenship and provide comprehensive primary through tertiary education, including technical and vocational education.
This underlines the importance which the global community at the UN level attaches to education as a social stop-gap to radicalization and terrorism.
Without a doubt, domestic terrorism is linked to any or all of the stated social factors. And it is the belief of this work that the phenomenon is intricately connected with the balance or imbalance of social structures.
This work also agrees with other scholars that to reduce the tendencies of the target population (the youths) from being attracted to it, the inequality gap in societies must be closed through proactive and strategic public-oriented policies that provide for the citizenry.
Therefore, the point being made here is that efforts at mitigating the emergence of the social factors that provokes violent extremism, and vanguards, are social blocks of peace which creates stop-gaps for domestic terrorism.
General News
ADC Crisis Deepens as NEC, State Chairmen Take Over Party, Reject Rival Factions
…Set up interim leadership, back INEC stance, warn of 2027 risks
By Adeko Ukpa
The crisis rocking the African Democratic Congress (ADC) escalated on Tuesday as the party’s National Executive Committee (NEC), backed by its State Chairmen Forum, announced a takeover of the party’s administration and rejected rival factions allegedly led by former Senate President David Mark and Nafiu Bala.
At a joint press conference in Abuja, NEC members and about 25 state chairmen said the move was necessary to “rescue” the party from collapse, restore internal order, and safeguard its participation in the 2027 general elections.
NEC, State Chairmen Move to “Rescue” Party
Speaking on behalf of the group, Abia State Chairman, Don Norman Obinna, said the intervention was not factional but constitutional, insisting they remain the only legitimate authority within the party.
“We are here to move the party forward, not as a faction but as elected NEC members,” he said.
The NEC warned that failure to act decisively could worsen internal divisions and ultimately jeopardise the party’s ability to field candidates in future elections.
Interim Leadership Announced
As part of immediate measures, the party leaders unveiled a 20-member interim committee to run its affairs for two to three weeks pending the conduct of a national convention.
Kogi State Chairman, Kingsley Temitope Ogah, was named interim chairman, while Edo State Chairman, Kennedy Odion, will serve as secretary.
Other members include Muhammad Jidda (deputy chairman), Kabiru Hussaini (assistant secretary), Charles Omidji (national organising secretary), Johnny Derek (deputy organising secretary), Stella Chukwuma (treasurer), Obinna (publicity secretary), and Samuel Gyang (financial secretary).
The committee is expected to oversee day-to-day operations and prepare the ground for the emergence of a new National Working Committee (NWC).
Rejection of Mark, Bala Factions
The NEC and state chairmen firmly rejected the leadership claims of the David Mark and Nafiu Bala camps, accusing them of attempting to hijack the party.
“We disassociate the ADC from David Mark, Rauf Aregbesola, Bolaji Abdullahi, Prof Osunbor and all members of the so-called coalition,” Obinna said.
He further dismissed Bala’s claims to party leadership, stating that he never held the position of deputy national chairman.
The group also declared that the ADC “is not for sale” and accused the rival bloc of pursuing a power grab at the expense of the party’s founding members.
Backing INEC, Court Processes
The NEC threw its weight behind the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), commending its decision to withdraw recognition from the rival factions following an appellate court ruling.
“We are in total support of INEC’s position and commend them for doing what is right,” Obinna said.
INEC had earlier announced it would refrain from engaging with the Mark-led leadership and Bala faction, citing a March 12 judgement of the Court of Appeal and a pending case before the Federal High Court.
The party leaders also confirmed that some state chairmen had approached the courts for constitutional interpretation on which organ has the authority to conduct congresses.
Congresses, Conventions Under Scrutiny
The NEC distanced itself from ongoing congresses allegedly conducted by rival groups, declaring them invalid.
Ogah argued that the processes violated the party’s constitution, noting that no properly convened NEC meeting had been held to approve such exercises.
“You cannot conduct congresses while tenures are still running. The process requires dissolution of existing executives, which has not happened,” he said.
He added that several state chairmen had formally dissociated themselves from the exercises.
Root of the Crisis
The NEC traced the origin of the dispute to August 2022 when the tenure of former National Chairman, Ralph Nwosu, expired.
According to the committee, a Federal High Court ruling in December 2022 affirmed the expiration of his tenure and nullified actions taken thereafter.
“His refusal to step down led to litigations and rulings that his tenure had indeed expired,” Obinna said.
They further noted that the party’s Board of Trustees is currently inactive following multiple resignations, leaving administrative responsibility with elected NEC members.
2027 Elections at Stake
The party leaders warned that continued instability could have serious electoral consequences.
“If we don’t act now, we may not be able to field candidates. Any political party without representation risks being displaced,” Obinna said.
They stressed that the interim arrangement and planned convention are aimed at restoring the party’s electoral viability and relevance.
Kachikwu’s Membership Affirmed
The NEC also defended the status of the party’s former presidential candidate, Dumebi Kachikwu, describing his purported expulsion by the rival faction as invalid.
“He remains a committed and bonafide member of the ADC,” Obinna stated.
Efforts at Reconciliation Failed
The group said attempts were made to resolve the crisis through dialogue before resorting to legal action.
“We engaged widely and sought reconciliation, but when that failed, we approached the courts for clarity,” Obinna said, denying allegations of external sponsorship.
No Immediate Reaction from Rival Camps
Efforts to reach key figures in the rival camps, including the party’s National Publicity Secretary, Bolaji Abdullahi, former National Vice Chairman, Nafiu Bala Gombe, and former National Chairman, Ralph Nwosu, were unsuccessful as their phone lines could not be reached as of press time.
With the NEC and state chairmen now firmly in control, attention is expected to shift to the proposed national convention, which may ultimately determine the legitimate leadership of the ADC ahead of the 2027 elections.
General News
Experts to women: marriage, motherhood require patience, emotional strength
From Adeko Ukpa, Abuja
Women have been urged to cultivate patience, emotional strength and wisdom in navigating the challenges of marriage and motherhood in a fast-paced modern world.
The call was made at a seminar organised by the Cheriven Empowerment Foundation where speakers stressed the need for women to build resilience and maintain emotional stability in their homes despite pressures of modern life.
Founder and Convener of the foundation, Eucheria Ifeoma Ekweozoh, in her opening address titled “Strength Beyond the Moment,” said marriage and motherhood require patience and discipline rather than impulsive reactions.
She noted that the realities of modern society, including the speed of communication and social media interactions, have made many people accustomed to instant responses, a tendency she warned could be harmful to family relationships.
“Marriage is not easy. Motherhood is not easy. And being a woman in this generation – navigating expectations, comparisons, pressures and responsibilities – is not easy,” she said.
According to her, many women often judge themselves harshly during difficult seasons of life, stressing that emotional exhaustion does not amount to failure.
“You are not weak because it is hard. You are not failing because you are tired. And you are not behind because your journey looks different from someone else’s,” she added.
CAPTION: L-R: Mrs. Amaka Onwualu, Mrs. Loyce Ogueri, the Founder of Cheriven Empowerment Foundation, Mrs. Eucheria Ekweozoh and Barr. Mrs Ijeoma Okoro at a symposium to mark International Women’s Day in Abuja.
Ekweozoh explained that the theme of the seminar was designed to encourage women to respond to challenges thoughtfully rather than react emotionally.
“Real strength is not what you say in anger. It is what you choose after you calm down. Real strength is not winning an argument; it is preserving what matters long after the argument is over,” she said.
Drawing from her experience as a psychologist and marriage counsellor, she said many marriages collapse not necessarily because love is absent but because patience and perspective are lacking.
“I have seen marriages collapse not because love was absent, but because patience was absent. I have also seen restoration when people choose to grow beyond the moment,” she said.
Ekweozoh said the foundation provides counselling, mentorship and support for women and families, noting that strengthening women contributes to healthier families and communities.
“When a woman is strengthened, a family is stabilised. And when families are stabilised, society becomes healthier,” she said.
One of the keynote speakers, Ijeoma Okoro, spoke on “Marriage, Resilience and Wisdom in Adversity,” urging women not to view difficulties in marriage as failure.
She said disagreements are inevitable in relationships but should not lead to destruction if handled with maturity.
“Wisdom in marriage is not about proving you are right. It is about protecting what is right,” she said.
Okoro emphasised that emotional reactions during conflicts could damage long-term stability in relationships.
“A bad day is not a bad marriage,” she said, advising couples to pause before responding during disagreements and to avoid involving outsiders too quickly in marital issues.
Another speaker, Blessing Amaka Onwualu, addressed participants on “Practical Motherhood, Endurance and Family Balance,” highlighting the demanding nature of parenting.
She said many women enter motherhood without fully understanding the emotional and physical demands involved.
“No one prepared me for how demanding motherhood would be,” she said, noting that raising children requires sacrifice, discipline and emotional stability.
Onwualu stressed that children benefit more from consistency and stability than from perfection.
“Your child needs your steadiness more than your perfection,” she told participants.
She also advised mothers to establish routines, protect their marriages even after childbirth, and seek help when necessary.
Speaking on emotional health, medical expert Jacqueline Ikeotuonye highlighted the importance of maintaining psychological balance in family life.
According to her, emotional exhaustion among women can affect family relationships if left unaddressed.
“There was a season when I was physically present but emotionally exhausted,” she said, adding that ignoring mental wellbeing can create instability at home.
She noted that emotional strength includes the ability to regulate reactions and practice self-care.
“You cannot pour from emptiness,” she said, advising women to develop healthy routines, take intentional pauses and seek help before reaching crisis point.
In her closing remarks, Ekweozoh reiterated the importance of emotional discipline and continued personal growth for women.
“Strength is not about reacting correctly in one moment. Strength is about the choices we make over time,” she said.
She encouraged women to prioritise their emotional wellbeing and seek support when necessary.
“Your emotional health is not a luxury – it is a foundation for your family and your future,” she said.
Ekweozoh also reaffirmed the foundation’s commitment to creating platforms for counselling, mentorship and support for women navigating different life seasons.
“Sometimes the strongest thing a woman can do is ask for help, seek guidance and allow herself to heal, rest and grow,” she said.
The seminar brought together young women and mothers from different backgrounds to discuss challenges in marriage, parenting and personal wellbeing, with participants encouraged to build resilience and maintain stability in their homes despite life’s pressures.
Crime
Gumi: Timi Frank urges Trump to halt security cooperation with Nigeria
From Adeko Ukpa, Abuja
A political activist and former Deputy National Publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Comrade Timi Frank, on Wednesday, urged the United States government and President Donald Trump to halt intelligence sharing and security cooperation with the Nigerian government, citing recent comments attributed to Islamic cleric Sheikh Ahmad Gumi on banditry and terrorism.
Frank who made the call in a statement issued in Abuja, said the remarks credited to Gumi suggesting that Nigerian authorities may know the identities and locations of bandits raise serious questions about the handling of insecurity in the country.
“If it is true that the government knows the names of these bandits, knows where they are located and even knows their camps, then Nigerians deserve to know why decisive action has not been taken,” he said.
He argued that the continued rise in kidnappings and killings across the country suggests that insecurity has escalated despite claims that security agencies possess intelligence about those responsible.
According to him, the continued deterioration of security despite international support raises suspicion that insecurity may be benefiting some individuals, alleging that insecurity in the country has become a “profitable business” for some actors within the system.
“Kidnappings have increased. Killings have escalated. Insecurity has worsened across the country. If a government truly knows the identities and locations of terrorists and bandits yet fails to act decisively, then that raises serious concerns,” he said.
He added: “They want the insecurity to persist because as long as insecurity continues in the country, it’s an opportunity for them to rig the 2027 general elections in Nigeria.
“They don’t care about Nigerians that are dying. They don’t care about Nigerians that are being kidnapped. They don’t care about the well-being of the people. They don’t care about the suffering of the people. They don’t care about good governance. All they care about is how they will rig themselves back to power using insecurity as cover.”
He urged the United States to exercise caution in its dealings with the administration of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, particularly in the area of intelligence while asserting that “the government of today appears to be friends with terrorists.”
“I am calling on the United States government to be very careful in its dealings with the current Nigerian administration. The U.S. should suspend intelligence sharing and security cooperation with the Nigerian government and its security chiefs,” he said.
The activist alleged that despite the security assistance Nigeria has received from international partners, the situation on the ground has continued to deteriorate.
“There appears to be a pattern where the government continues to receive security assistance and aid from the United States and other international partners, yet insecurity keeps worsening,” he said.
He said Nigerian soldiers were still losing their lives in the fight against insurgency and banditry despite military equipment and support provided by foreign partners.
“Today, Nigerian soldiers are dying in large numbers despite the equipment and support provided by the United States and other countries. With the level of support Nigeria has received, the war against insecurity should have made significant progress,” he said.
The activist called on President Trump to take decisive steps against terrorist groups operating in Nigeria and act independently if necessary.
“We are appealing directly to President Donald Trump to take a strong and decisive stand. If the United States truly wants to help Nigeria defeat terrorism and make the country great again, it should be prepared to act firmly against the terrorists responsible for the violence,” he said.
He added that such actions should not depend solely on cooperation with Nigerian authorities.
“The United States should be ready to take bold steps in confronting terrorist networks threatening Nigeria, even if it means acting independently like it did on Christmas eve against those responsible for the violence,” he said.
Frank who currently serves as the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) Ambassador to East Africa and the Middle East as well as Senior Advisor to the Global Friendship City Association (GFCA), USA, also called on the United States Congress to pay closer attention to developments in Nigeria and support measures that would address insecurity and strengthen democratic processes.
He further urged the United States to support credible democratic processes in Nigeria, noting that free and fair elections would help strengthen governance and stability.
According to him, decisive international engagement could help address the security challenges facing the country and support efforts to restore stability.
“If the United States truly wants to assist Nigeria, it should help ensure peace, security and credible democratic processes. That is how Nigeria can move forward and become stable and prosperous again,” he said.
He added that strong international support could help Nigeria overcome insecurity and rebuild confidence in governance.
“With the right actions and international support, Nigeria can defeat terrorism, restore stability and move toward a future where the country can truly become great again,” he said.
-
Opinion1 year agoAnioma State: A Necessary Proposal Rooted in Strategic Advantage
-
Business & Economy2 years agoNASENI, Qietur partner to build 3000 Housing Units for Staff
-
Business6 months agoLithium boom has reshaped Nasarawa’s economy, says Prof Haruna
-
Law2 years agoHuman Right and Law Enforcement in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis
-
Education10 months agoTVET will change Nigeria for good, says NABTEB Registrar
-
Education7 months agoNABTEB Registrar advises automotive, locomotive Engineers to do more to diversify Nigerian economy
-
Opinion7 months agoEngr. Kawu: A Heroic Homecoming for a Man of the People
-
Opinion1 year agoDefamation Is Not Democracy: Office Of Senator Ned Nwoko Will Not Stand For Character Assassination
