General News
Building Social Blocks of Peace As Stop-Gaps For Domestic Terrorism
By Benneth Joshua Kingsley
There are two types of terrorism – International and Domestic terrorism. The American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sees International Terrorism as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (State-sponsored).
It also sees Domestic Terrorism as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.
Whilst both definitions have similarities, e.g as violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups, their points of divergence lies where international terrorism is State sponsored or associated with foreign terrorist organizations, as against domestic terrorism which is home bred.
This literature shall build its intervention on the definitions advanced by the FBI, and shall focus on the causative agents of domestic terrorism – home bred violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.
It is hoped that this intervention would further the conversation on closing the gaps leading to domestic terrorism. It is necessary to point out that at the root of domestic terrorism are social factors that speak directly to individual members of the society. In order words, terrorism in both embryonic and active phases are conceptualized and carried out with the individual as the Critical Execution Vehicle (CEV).
There are risk factors which point to the potential for radicalization of individuals, thereby opening the window of opportunity for extremist personality/ies to impart on them. While some of these risk factors are static, meaning that they cannot change over time (e.g., having a criminal history), others can change and, thus, suggest possible avenues for prevention and intervention efforts.
The United States Department of Justice through a 2018 Journal published by its National Institute of Justice identified some relative risk factors as relevant in individuals’ particular cases. According to the US DOJ, efforts that focus on addressing terrorist beliefs, treating mental health issues, improving individuals’ employment or educational prospects, and/or helping them to develop and sustain positive relationships with non-extremist and non-delinquent peers may contribute to preventing or intervening in cases of domestic terrorism.
Whilst it is true that social realities in OECD countries differ in many ways than many obtainables in third world countries, especially in Nigeria, the journal’s intervention which pointed out factors such having a criminal history, having mental health issues (or having received a diagnosis of schizophrenia or delusional disorder), being unemployed, being single, being a loner (or socially isolated), and having military experience (in peculiar situations like those suffered by some Nigerian ex-service men, being unjustly discharged military or paramilitary services, or being owed their entitlements for long period of time) as possible triggers to individual’s joining terrorist adventures or acting as ‘Lone Sharks’, cannot be wished away.
Personal and political grievances, having an enabler who assists in planning an attack or provides the inspiration for it, having at least a bachelor’s degree, living alone, and being male were also identified as potential risk factors among self actors. These, like police brutality said to have triggered Boko Haram in the Northeast of Nigeria, the EndSars protest and its subsequent reported massacre in Lagos, and the Unknown Gunmen debacle, are social lacuna that results in grievances leading to domestic terrorism.
Unemployment also crystallizes in Lone Shark domestic terrorism, especially among youths with tertiary education training. It explains the spike in crime rate – kidnapping, armed robbery, ritual killings for fetish money making practices, increasing incidence of rape, political violence, among others, as witnessed in Nigeria.
What this means is that any productive intervention aimed at reconstructing terrorism narrative in Nigeria, and perhaps in Sub Saharan African countries has to look in the direction of focusing energy on treating mental health issues, improving individuals’ employment prospects, and/or helping them to develop and sustain positive relationships. Adesoji Adelaja and Justin George in their contribution to the discussion on domestic terrorism titled: “Perspectives on Terrorism” Volume 14, Issue 5, pointed out the dire youth unemployment situation in less-developed countries, noting that it has a correlation to insurgency.
They said that the dire youth unemployment situation in less-developed countries (LDCs) is particularly troubling; especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the continent faces the highest level (70 per cent) of youth working poverty rate globally. On average, of the 10 to 12 million youth entering the workforce, only 3.1 million jobs are created annually, leaving the vast majority unemployed; for example, in Nigeria and Ghana, respectively 43 and 48 per cent of youth aged 15–24 are unemployed or underemployed.
Both scholars acknowledged that youth unemployment may also fuel youth out-migration from Africa, dependencies and stresses on adults, unrealized growth opportunities, youth restiveness and greater potential for radicalization and conflict.
Flowing from this, many of the countries which are prone to political violence, especially terrorism, feature higher employment rates among the youth population than their adult population; for example, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which hosted around 40 per cent of the total incidence of terrorist attacks in the 2011–2015 period, experienced a youth unemployment rate of 30 per cent in 2019, double the global average.
Beehner (2007) contends that youth unemployment creates a large pool of disaffected youth who are more susceptible to recruitment into rebel or terrorist groups, as found in Northeast Nigeria. Stober (2015) submitted that the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria has created an army for the deadly Boko Haram, kidnapping, political thuggery and ethnic conflicts in the nation. Idrees, Shabbir, Roman, & Atif, (2015) in their contribution to the subject matter noted that unemployed youths due to their frustration and socio-economic difficulties and afflictions provide fertile ground for their recruitment into terrorism and others, especially Boko Haram in Nigeria.
The implication of this statement is that unemployment, with its nature, afflicts its victims psychologically to the extent that they are weighed down by pressures due to lack of necessities of life as their situation does not promote or provide welfare in any way. This therefore makes it easy for the unemployed youths to be radicalized. Adelaja, Labo, & Penar (2018) underscored that radicalization appeals to these unemployed youths who may consider such as the best option to their distress and frustrated situation.
Scholars like Suleiman and his associate identified armed robbery, political thuggery, kidnapping, Boko Haram, and other criminal acts among youths as the result of youth unemployment. Some of the youths who are unemployed due to frustration have turned themselves to suicide bombers, vandals, bandits, terrorists, kidnappers, militants, armed robbers, and lots more.
Besides unemployment, other social factors which open the window to terrorism include bad governance, lack of quality education or training, lack or inadequate basic infrastructures, corruption and corrupt practices of government officials, perceived victimization, ethnic superiority, religious superiority, domination and exploitation, materialism and the display of it with impunity, etc.
Taking the items one after another, bad governance doesn’t just undermine development; it also drives violence. In Nigeria, for example, experts say that the government helped to create terrorism through its lack of an inclusive growth strategy.
In essence, ineffective public institutions undermine the provision of public services such as health care, education and law enforcement. When public officials do not act as bureaucrats delivering services as they are expected to do, people look for alternative ways to obtain these services. And this increases disenchantment in the system.
Accordingly, Nigeria like many Sub-Saharan African countries is an epicenter of disenchantment caused by poor governance, with the state unable to spread the provision of public services to citizens. In most urban areas in the country, and in every rural area, citizens provide public utilities like water, electricity, security and others for themselves.
This in juxtaposition with glaring economic inequalities, oppression from the state and the privileged few, and gross abuse of human rights, coupled with the marginalization of minority populations provide the trigger for some to join violent or terrorist groups.
So, poor or bad governance tends to frustrate the institutionalization of both peace and security on the one hand, and on the other, creates a stunted, rentier, disarticulated, and grossly underdeveloped society where modern day terrorism thrives.
Considering that the use of military power has not been able to quell terrorism, some experts believe that education in cohort with other social factors is another major weapon that can be used in reducing to the barest minimum, the incidence where people are attracted to radicalization or terrorism.
A 2017 intervention by UNESCO reveals that educational strategies to support prevention efforts varies a great deal according to context – e.g. conflict situation, demographics, citizenship model, private/public education, with the common denominator of prevention efforts being to address the drivers of violent extremism and build learners’ resilience to hateful narratives and propaganda that legitimize the use of violence.
The fifth review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy 1 (30 June – 1 July 2016) provided the reemphasized, among other objectives, the importance of prevention efforts and welcomed the UN Secretary-General’s Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism (released in December 2015).
On this occasion the UN General Assembly recommended that countries consider the implementation of its relevant recommendations, as applicable to national contexts, with the support of the United Nations. In the Plan, the UN Secretary-General calls for a comprehensive approach to address the underlying conditions that drive individuals to join violent extremist groups.
Among its action priorities is the necessity to support “Education, skills development and employment facilitation” as a means to foster respect for human diversity and prepare young people to enter the workplace. The recommendation also addresses the need to invest in programmes that promote global citizenship and provide comprehensive primary through tertiary education, including technical and vocational education.
This underlines the importance which the global community at the UN level attaches to education as a social stop-gap to radicalization and terrorism.
Without a doubt, domestic terrorism is linked to any or all of the stated social factors. And it is the belief of this work that the phenomenon is intricately connected with the balance or imbalance of social structures.
This work also agrees with other scholars that to reduce the tendencies of the target population (the youths) from being attracted to it, the inequality gap in societies must be closed through proactive and strategic public-oriented policies that provide for the citizenry.
Therefore, the point being made here is that efforts at mitigating the emergence of the social factors that provokes violent extremism, and vanguards, are social blocks of peace which creates stop-gaps for domestic terrorism.
General News
Polio: Why Rotarians must sustain giving – Owonikoko
By Adeko Ukpa
The District Governor, Rotary International District D127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko yesterday asked Rotarians not to be tired of donations to end Polio disease.
He said all the givings are making impact.
He said eradication of Polio is a must to save millions of children in the world.
He said sensitisation against Polio and Immunisation of children are priorities of Rotary International.
Owonikoko, who made the plea after a walk to mark World Polio Day 2026 in Abuja, said Polio eradication is non-negotiable.
He commended the Federal Government and Rotary International partners like WHO, UNICEF and National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA) for effective grassroots collaboration.
He said: “This is not just the beginning and it will not be the end until every child of the world is saved.
“We have reasons to mark World Polio Day and that reasons we are not going to go out of it because Rotary International has spent so much money from the beginning in1985. We must make sure the children of the world are saved.
“I want to thank the Federal Government, through the Federal Ministry of Health, for giving us all what it takes through the Primary Healthcare Centres to get to all communities across the country in getting all the children immunised. We want to say thank you. But our thanks goes to the Almighty, Rotarians, Rotaractors, BIll Gates Fonund, WHO, UNICEF, NPHCDA and other partners.
“To Rotarians, all your givings to The Rotary Foundation are making impact. Not only today, you have been giving since we signed agreement to ensure children are saved.
“I want to plead with you, we should not be tired, the donations should continue, the sensitisation must not stop, the eradication is a must for us and we have to keep polio at zero as we promised.”
The Vice Chairman of the Nigerian National PolioPlus Committee (NNPPC), Dr. Kazeem Mustapha, who is also a Past District Governor, said Rotary is sustaining the EndPolioNow campaign to protect children all over the world.
He said “immunisation is a key preventive precaution against Polio or any disease.”

L-R: Mrs. Aiodiah Stephen, Winner of the 2026 Pedals Against Polio 2.0, Stephen Christian Mamman, PGD Kazeem Mustapha, District Governor 9127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko, Mr. Stephen Mamman Anumkwen, Assistant Governor, Rotary Club Wuse Central, Zainab Omowunmi Owonikoko, District Polio Plus Committee Chair, Mariam Ahmed, Deputy Incident Manager, National Polio Emergency Operations Centre, Dr. Adeola Musa Oluwatoyin, during the 2026 Walk to End the Polio Now, held in Abuja, yesterday
On her part, the District Polio Committee Chair, Mrs. Mariam Abdullahi said a polio-free world is achievable.
She said: “Today, on World Polio Day, we stand together to reaffirm one promise: we will not rest until every child is protected and our world is polio-free.
“To the clubs of District 9127, I charge you today to continue to participate actively. Organize immunization drives, raise awareness in your communities, and give your resources. Polio has no place in our future, and your action is what will push it into history.
“To our valued partners snd our volunteers — you are the heartbeat of this mission. You brave the sun, the rain, and difficult terrain, offering your best at all times so that no child is missed. We see you, and we salute you.”
General News
Rotarians won’t give up on EndPolioNow campaign – DG
By Adeko Ukpa
The District Governor of Rotary International District 9127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko yesterday said the war against Polio disease is winnable.
He said the EndPolioNow campaign of the Rotary International in has saved over 20m children from being crippled.
He appealed to Nigerians to immunise their children against poliomelytis.
He asked Rotarians not to give up the campaign until Polio is completely eradicated.
He pleaded with members of the district to mark World Polio Day on October 24th with renewed vigour to put an end to the disease.

The District Governor, Rotary International District 9127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko (Third left) and other leaders with EndPolioNow campaign symbol on Wednesday in Abuja.
Owonikoko, who made the submissions at the unveiling of three sensitisation billboards in three strategic locations in Abuja by the District, the Rotary Club of Abuja Metro and friends of the district, said Polio is still endemic in two countries.
He said: “With the commitment of Rotary International since 1985, we have shown that the war against Polio is winnable. It is a disease we have proved to the world can be eradicated.
” I appeal to Rotarians in this district not to give up until we ensure complete eradication of Polio in the world.
“We have saved more than 20m children from paralysis. As we mark this year’s World Polio Day, we should rededicate ourselves to immunisation of children. ”
On his part, the President of the Rotary Club of Abuja Metro, Engr. Michael Oluwagbemi said: “What we are doing here is raising awareness to the effects of Polio. And you know communication is 90% of the job.
“When people don’t know any epidemic is still around, they take it easy. When we take it easy, bad things happen.The awareness of fighting Polio is very critical.
“We want to present these billboards as reminders that our work is not yet done until we eradicate the disease completely such that in the next 100 or 200 years, humanity will talk about it as history not as something active. Then our job is sorted”.
General News
Rotary District 9127 Governor, Owonikoko, promises reform, growth at investiture
…As Ganduje harps on stronger institutions, values-driven leadership
By Adeko Ukpa, Abuja
Rorary International District 9127 Governor, Rotarian Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko has outlined his priorities for the new Rotary year, with reform, membership growth, technology adoption and member appreciation at the centre of his agenda.
Owonikoko spoke during his investiture as District Governor of Rotary International District 9127 in Abuja on Saturday.
The event brought together government officials, captains of industry, Rotarians from across the country, and friends and family members of the new district governor.
“My first priority is reform in our district. That process has already commenced,” he said.
“We must increase our membership like never before, leverage technology more effectively and celebrate our members because appreciated members become even more committed to service.”
He reaffirmed Rotary’s commitment to its seven areas of focus, including education, peacebuilding, disease prevention, maternal and child health, water and sanitation, economic development and environmental protection.
“There is no compromise regarding these seven areas of focus. We will continue to pursue them in line with Rotary International’s vision,” Owonikoko said.

L-R: Chairman of the Occasion, Dr. Ahmed Raji SAN, District Governor 9127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko and his wife Hajiya Zainab Owonikoko, during the investiture of the Rotary International District Governor for District 9127, Engr. Sikiru Adetona Owonikoko, held at the Transcorp Hilton Hotels in Abuja, yesterday
In his remarks during the ceremony which took place at the Congress Hall of Transcorp Hilton, in Abuja, a former National Chairman of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Dr Abdullahi Ganduje, called for stronger institutions, effective leadership and adherence to core values as essential ingredients for sustainable development and lasting impact in Nigeria.
Ganduje praised Rotary as a model of institutional stability built on service, discipline and humanitarian values.
Drawing from his experience in public administration, Ganduje said the challenge facing many developing countries was not the absence of policies but weak implementation structures.
“Successful implementation is only possible when you have strong institutions. We have good policies, but implementation is often faulty,” he said.
“For a sustainable institution, you need strong leadership, rules and regulations, compliance with those rules, and adherence to the core values of the institution.”
He described Rotary as a strong institution whose enduring relevance is rooted in its humanitarian mission.
“The core value of Rotary is humanitarian service,” Ganduje added.
Reflecting on his time as governor of Kano State, Ganduje recalled the resistance encountered during the polio eradication campaign and said decisive measures were necessary to protect public health.
“Parents hid their children under beds, behind their houses and even in the bushes to avoid immunisation. We had to adopt unconventional measures because prevention is better than cure,” he said.
“Eventually, people became convinced, and Kano ceased to be the epicentre of polio.”
Ganduje noted that Rotary’s role was becoming even more critical at a time when Nigeria was grappling with security and economic challenges that required stronger humanitarian interventions.
Chairman of the occasion and Senior Advocate of Nigeria, Ahmed Raji, said Owonikoko’s commitment to humanitarian service reflected the values he inherited from his late father, whom he described as one of the kindest people he had ever known.
“Sikiru is like a kid brother, and humanitarian blood flows in him. I benefited a lot from his father while growing up, and his memory will forever linger with me,” Raji said.
“It is therefore no surprise that he has dedicated himself to humanitarian affairs across the world.”
Raji also reflected on the origins of Rotary International, noting that the organisation, founded in 1905 by Paul Harris and his friends, derived its name from the practice of rotating meetings among members’ homes.
Impressed by the work of Rotarians, the legal luminary jokingly declared his intention to join the organisation.
“I think my coming here today is to enrol my membership. Not with the hope of becoming governor, but to be a floor member,” he said.
In her valedictory address, outgoing District Governor Dr Nky Joy Okoro said clubs across District 9127 executed more than 1,000 service projects during her tenure while increasing membership and contributions to The Rotary Foundation beyond initial expectations.
“You were the driving force of service at the club level. You led with courage, dignity, passion and resilience. Through your exceptional leadership, over 1,000 projects were successfully executed,” she said.
“District 9127 is structurally stronger today because of you.”
Okoro said the district expanded its humanitarian reach through interventions in maternal and child health, education, youth development and polio eradication.
“We touched the lives of mothers and children, empowered vibrant young leaders, strengthened local clubs, supported education, stood defiantly against polio, expanded our collective reach and built lifelong friendships,” she said.
“Leadership changes, but service remains. Titles change, but friendship remains. Rotary years come to an end, but the impact of service continues forever.”
In a keynote address on the theme, “Creating Lasting Impact,” Senior Special Assistant to the President on Delivery and Coordination, Dr Aishatu Kabir, urged Rotarians to focus on strategic service, youth empowerment and community development.
Kabir said lasting impact should be measured by lives transformed rather than ceremonies, banners or the launch of new initiatives.
“The real question is: what has changed? Lasting impact is not noise; it is legacy. It is what remains after the cameras leave,” she said.
“It is the child who stays in school, the community that gets clean water, the young person who chooses hope, and the citizen who begins to believe again because leadership became honest and human.”
She described Rotary as an organisation that converts privilege into service, networks into solutions and compassion into action, adding that service initiatives must produce measurable results.
“In Nigeria, we are very good at launching things. We launch committees, programmes and frameworks. Sometimes, by the time we finish launching, the problem has grown older and stronger. Service must go beyond launching; it must deliver,” she said.
Kabir also called for greater investment in young people.
“No country can create lasting impact while leaving its youth behind. Rotary must continue to mentor, train and empower young people as partners in service,” she said.
“Leadership is not always by microphone; it is by presence.”
She paid an emotional tribute to Owonikoko, describing him as a mentor and father figure whose kindness had shaped her personal and professional journey.
“The most powerful impact is not always made public. Sometimes it is made in a labour room, an examination hall, a hospital corridor, or in quiet moments when someone simply says, ‘I am here,’” she said.
“He is a leader who arrives before he is invited, a mentor who sees potential before the world sees success, a builder of people, a giver of hope and a bridge to generations.”
END
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